Comparing Business Models for Optimizing Turnover in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

As EVs proliferate, charging stations are becoming the new bottleneck, and simply building more of them is expensive. This paper asks how to raise station turnover during peak demand through smarter business models: smart pricing, release-and-reward, and auction-based negotiation. Using a data-driven, agent-based simulation of realistic customer behavior, it shows that negotiation-based schemes grounded in game theory and Nash equilibrium can significantly cut congestion and waiting times without adding any infrastructure.